1) Why ARP packets don't have fixed-format header? - To allow it to work on different networks, as length of fields that contain address depends on networks.
2) If ICMP messages are encapsulated and sent using IP, Why ICMP is considered Internet Layer protocol and not a higher level protocol? - Since it is a required part of IP, it is delivered via IP since it may need to travel across several physical networks to reach final destination and thus cant be delivered via physical transport/ link layer alone.
3) Why hashing works well as routing algorithm in classful addressing and not in classless addressing - Since in classful, addresses are self-identifying and we can extract network portion and use that as key to hashing, while in classless, addresses are not self-identifying.
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